A respiratory disease caused from inhalation of silicon dioxide or crystalline silica without adequate protection.

Alternative Names

Silicoproteinosis

Causes, incidence, and risk factors

Acute silicosis is lung inflammation caused by intense exposure to silica over several months, whereas chronic silicosis is slowly progressive lung scarring, nodules, and inflammation resulting from decades of exposure to silica dusts. The disease occurs mainly in people who work in sandblasting, mining, quarrying, grinding, and those who work in foundries. The incidence of silicosis is decreasing due to Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) regulations requiring the use of protective equipment.

Signs and tests

Examination may show a bluish coloration (

cyanosis ) of the mucous membranes. Often abnormal lung sounds can be heard upon examination with a stethoscope. Tests include:

a

chest X-ray that may show lung scarring, inflammation, and nodules. Sometimes, an enlarged heart and dilated pulmonary (lung) arteries can be seen.

pulmonary function tests

arterial blood gases

that show low concentration of oxygen

Chest CT scan

if the diagnosis is in doubt a lung biopsy may be required

bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) can be used to examine the lungs for silica dust and to exclude infections.

sputum analysis

Treatment

There is no specific treatment for silicosis . as the fibrotic (scarring) process is thought to be irreversible. Removal of the patient from the exposing environment is important to minimize progression of the disease. Supportive treatment includes cough suppression medications, bronchodilators, and oxygen if needed for shortness of breath . Antibiotics are prescribed for respiratory infections as needed. All silicosis patients should be screened for tuberculosis and treated if indicated.

Expectations (prognosis)

The outcome is often rapidly progressive respiratory failure possibly resulting in death.

Complications

A complication is respiratory failure. Patients with silicosis are at increased risk of developing pulmonary tuberculosis.

Calling your health care provider

Call for an appointment with your health care provider if you have an occupational exposure to silica and symptoms develop.

Prevention

If you work in a high-risk occupation, wear dust masks and do not smoke. Other protection such as respirators may be indicated.